What Causes Speech Delays in Toddlers? Common Causes Every Parent Should Know

Speech development is a key part of a toddler’s growth, enabling them to express their needs, interact socially, and learn. While every child develops at their own pace, some toddlers may experience noticeable delays in speech and language development. These delays can be worrisome for parents and caregivers; however, understanding the potential causes can provide clarity, reduce anxiety, and allow for early intervention. 

Understanding Speech and Language Delays

Delays in speech and language are the most common type of developmental delay. One out of five children learn to talk later than their peers. Because of this delay, some children will also act out behaviourally because they are frustrated with not being able to express their wants and needs. 

To understand their delays, it is important to distinguish between speech and language. Speech is the verbal expression of language. It includes articulation (how sounds are made), voice, and fluency. Language refers to the entire system of expressing and receiving information, both verbal and nonverbal (for example, gestures and facial expressions). A delay in both speech and language can be referred to as a speech delay. 

Common Medical and Developmental Causes of Speech Delays

Hearing Loss

• Hearing is essential for learning to speak. If a toddler is unable to hear sounds properly, their ability to mimic and learn speech sounds is affected. Hearing loss can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired due to infections. Hearing loss that is acquired from infections may be temporary or permanent. 

Oral-Motor Issues

• Some children struggle to use the muscles in their mouth, tongue, and jaw properly. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder that impacts a child’s ability to produce sounds clearly. Oral structural issues such as tongue-tie or cleft palate can also impact speech production. 

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

• Children with ASD often experience delays in both verbal and non-verbal communication. While not all children with speech delays have autism, delayed or absent speech can be one of the early indicators. Children with ASD may also show signs such as limited eye contact, lack of interest in social interaction, and repetitive behaviours, which can also affect language learning and the want to use it. 

Intellectual Disorders

• Intellectual disorders are characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual/cognitive functioning and adaptive functioning. Speech delays are often included in these limitations. 

Genetic or Neurological Disorders

• There are multiple genetic and neurological disorders that are associated with speech and language delays. Some examples include Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, and cerebral palsy. 

Common Environmental and Social Causes of Speech Delays

Limited Verbal Interaction

• Language is learned through interaction. If a toddler has limited exposure to verbal communication, they may not develop speech at the expected rate. This may happen in cases where they are raised in an environment where adults rarely talk, read, or engage with them. Overexposure to screens can also negatively affect language and speech development. 

Neglect or Emotional Deprivation

• Speech delays are often present in children who experience abuse, emotional neglect, and a lack of bonding. A nurturing environment and bond with caregivers are essential for both cognitive and language development.

Bilingual or Multilingual Homes

• Children in homes that speak two or more languages may appear to speak later than their peers. This is often due to them learning multiple languages at once and is just a temporary delay, and not a speech disorder. 

Red Flags and When to Seek Help

It is important to note that some toddlers are simply late talkers. Not every toddler speech delay will be due to one of the reasons outlined above; however, there are several red flags that may indicate a more serious problem:

• No babbling by 12 months
• No words by 15-18 months
• No two-word phrases by age 2
• Difficulty following simple directions
• Poor eye contact
• No interest in social interaction

If any of these signs are present, it is important to consult with a pediatrician and a speech-language pathologist (SLP) for an evaluation. Early detection and intervention can significantly improve outcomes.

Myths About Speech Delays

There are myths and misconceptions about speech delays. 

“Boys just talk later than girls.”

• While there can be slight average differences, significant delays should not be dismissed.

“They will grow out of it.”

• Although some children may catch up on their own, many require support. Waiting too long to get help can miss important developmental windows. 

“Being bilingual will confuse children.”

• Bilingualism will not cause a speech delay. With proper support, children learning more than one language can thrive. 

Evaluation and Diagnosis

Understanding the cause of the speech delay allows for the correct treatment plan to be followed. To determine the cause, a thorough evaluation may include:

• Hearing tests to rule out hearing loss
• Speech and language assessment by an SLP
• Developmental screening for cognitive, social, and motor skills
• Referrals to specialists if needed

Importance of Early Intervention

Early intervention is proven to result in better overall outcomes for children with speech delays. 

Benefits of Early Support

• Boosts communication skills
• Improves social and emotional development
• Reduces frustration and behavioural issues caused by communication challenges 
• Better chance of academic readiness and success

You can read more about speech and language milestones and the benefits of early intervention on our blog post titled: Child Speech Development: How Early Can You Start Speech Therapy?

Speech Therapy for Toddlers

Speech delays in toddlers can stem from a variety of causes. While the reasons can vary, what remains consistent is the importance of early intervention. When caught early, most children with speech delays can go on to develop strong communication and language skills. 

If your child is showing signs of a speech delay, don’t wait - schedule your free introductory call today!